Signs and Symptoms
Some early
symptoms that correlate with a later diagnosis of dyslexia include delays in
speech, letter reversal or mirror writing, and being easily distracted by
background noise. This pattern of early distractibility is partially explained
by the co-occurrence of dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Although each disorder occurs in approximately 5% of children, 25-40% of
children with either dyslexia or ADHD meet criteria for the other disorder.
At later ages
symptoms can include a difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or
counting syllables in words (phonological awareness), a difficulty segmenting
words into individual sounds, or blending sounds to make words, a difficulty
with word retrieval or naming problems (see anomic aphasia)), commonly very
poor spelling, which has been called dysorthographia or dysgraphia
(orthographic coding), whole-word guesses, and tendencies to omit or add
letters or words when writing and reading are considered classic signs. Other
classic signs for teenagers and adults with dyslexia include trouble with
summarizing a story, memorizing, reading aloud, and learning a foreign
language.
A common
misconception about dyslexia is that dyslexic readers write words backwards or
move letters around when reading this only occurs in a very small population of
dyslexic readers. Individuals with dyslexia are better identified by reading
accuracy, fluency, and writing skills that do not seem to match their level of
intelligence from prior observations.
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